• Itata Valley: Chile's oldest production area (16th century) - granite hills, bush vines, old vines of Pais, Cinsault, and Muscat; an important town for the revitalization of natural wine and small farmers (Wine Anorak 2024-03).
  • Bio Bio/Malleco: Rainy and cool south; Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Riesling (Malleco's Aquitania SoLdeSol, general knowledge).
  • Institutional response: The new DO label regulations of Pais/Secano Interior (see Lecture 4) are designed to protect the tradition of this area.